London gets world's first 24-hour air pollution charge zone
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/08/business/ulez-london-emissions-scli-intl-gbr/index.html
Air pollution charge zone will be meaningful for ecology. But, before introduction of such zone, privately used vehicles must be restricted to enter the central parts of big cities. Those who want to get in the area should use public transportation, instead.
I've heard that London has implemented these movement before.
So, if there are cities which want to introduce air pollution charge zone, I'd like to recommend them to create zones to restrict influx of private cars at first.